非謂語動詞是指分詞（包括現在分詞和過去分詞）、不定式、動名詞等三種形式，即：
doing , done , to do , doing 。當然它們有各自不同的變化形式，如：
現在分詞 doing : 有being done（被動式） ; having done （完成式）; having been do
ne （完成被動式）
不定式 to do : 有to be done （被動式）; to have done （完成式）; to be doing（進行式）
動名詞 doing : 有having done（完成式）; being done（被動式） ;
非謂語動詞的特點： 三種非謂語動詞都具有動詞的特征，雖然它們沒有人稱和數的變化，但是它們都能帶自己的狀語或有時跟賓語。它們都有各自的特征：分詞具有形容詞和副詞的特征；動名詞具有名詞的特征；不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。具體來講：分詞在句子中可以做定語、表語、狀語或補足語等；動名詞在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語等；不定式在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語、補足語或狀語。
下面分別對三種非謂語動詞進行講解：
一． 動詞不定式
先看幾個例句，判斷不定式在句中的成分。
1．To learn a foreign language is difficult .
2． His wish is to be a driver .
3．Tom wanted to have a cup of beer .
4．The teacher told us to do morning exercises .
5．I have nothing to say .
6．They went to see their aunt .
7．It’s easy to see their aunt.
8．I don’t know what to do next .
9．I heard them make a noise .
說明：1．動詞不定式作主語, 2.動詞不定式作表語,3.動詞不定式作賓語,4．動詞不定式作賓語補足語，5．動詞不定式作定語,6．動詞不定式作目的狀語,7．動詞不定式作真正主語，it 代替動詞不定式，作形式主語。8．帶有連接代詞的動詞不定式作賓語,9．不帶to 的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。
掌握動詞不定式應注意的幾個問題：
1． “to” 是不定式符號還是介詞，下列短語中的to 都是介詞。
agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to ,
equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to
2． 帶to 還是不帶to
I have no choice but to give in
I cannot do anything but give in
I saw him enter the classroom .
（ 但是： He was seen to enter the classroom .）
3． 動詞不定式邏輯主語是由for 作為標記的。但是有時用of .
It’s necessary for you to study hard .
It’s foolish of him to do it .
與of 連用的形容詞有：
good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , possible
4．后接不定式作賓語的動詞有：
want , hope , wish , like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect etc.
需要賓語補足語的動詞不能用動詞不定式直接做介詞的賓語，而要用it做形式賓語。例如：通常不說We think to obey the laws is important . 而說We think it important to obey the laws .
5．不定式的省略。下列短語中，如果意義明確，常常省略到to 。
want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , o
ught to , need to , used to , be able to
6．不定式作定語，應注意兩種關系：
1）動賓關系：
He has a lot of meeting to attend .
Please lend me something to write with .
He is looking for a room to live
He is looking for a room to live in .
He has no money and no place
to live ( in ) .
I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .
There is no time to think ( about ) .
2）主謂關系：
She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .
----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 邏輯主語是I )
-------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 邏輯主語不是I )
7．不定式作狀語，可以有以下幾種意義：
1） 原因
He is lucky to get here on time .
這種結構中常用的形容詞有：
happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprised , frightened , disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy
2) 目的
He came to help me with my maths .
3) 結果
I hurried to get there only to find him out .
The book is too hard for the boy to read .
He is old enough to go to school .
8 . 不定式作補足語
I saw him play in the street just now .
能跟不帶to 的不定式作補足語的動詞有：
see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , have make, observe, notice
注: 當這些詞為被動式時，不定式要帶to , 如：
He was seen to play in the street just now.
二．動名詞
Learning English is very difficult .
學英語非常困難。
His job is driving a bus .
他的工作是開車。
I enjoy dancing .
我喜歡跳舞。
I have got used to living in the country .
我已經習慣了住農村。
Take some sleeping tablets , and you will soon fall asleep .
吃點安眠藥，你很快就會入睡。
注意以下幾種結構：
1．There’s no telling what will happen .
=It’s impossible to tell what will happen .
= No one can tell what will happen .
2．It’s no use talking with him .
It’s no good speaking to them like that .
3．There’s some difficulty ( in ) doing …
在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下單詞替換:
trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time
注意以下幾個問題：
1．下列動詞后跟不定式與跟動名詞作賓語意義有區別，
forget to do … 忘記要做某事
forget doing… 忘記做了某事
remember to do…記住要做某事
remember doing …記著做了某事
mean to do … 有意要做某事
mean doing … 意味著做了某事
regret to do … 對要做的事表示后悔
regret doing … 對做過去的事后悔
can’t help to do…不能幫助做某事
can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事
try to do … 盡力去做某事
try doing 試著做某事
learn to do … 學著去做某事
learn doing … 學會做某事
stop to do … 停下來去做（另一件事）
stop doing … 停止做某事
go on to do … 接著做（另外一件事）
go on doing … 繼續做某事
used to do … 過去做某事
be used to doing … 習慣做某事
2．動名詞作定語與現在分詞作定語意義有區別
動名詞作定語表達 n+ for doing 的含義
現在分詞作定語表達 n+which(who) be doing的含義
如：a sleeping car = a car for sleeping
a running horse = a horse which is running
前者是動名詞 ， 后者是現在分詞
又如： drinking water , walking stick running water , sleeping boy
3． 動名詞的邏輯主語：
動名詞的邏輯主語為代詞或名詞的所有格形式。
例如：His coming made us very happy .
4．動名詞的語態和時態
5． 動名詞主動形式表被動的情況：
need doing , want doing , require doing
例如： This room needs painting . 這個房間需要粉刷。
6．只能跟動名詞作賓語的動詞：
admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy , escape , excuse , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require , suggest , risk , keep, take to , look forward to , get down to , feel like , can’t help , can’t stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give up , include ,
三． 分詞
1 The story is interesting . I’m interested in it .
這個故事有興趣，我對這個故事感興趣。
2 . This is a moving film .
這是一部動人的電影。
3. The secretary worked late into the night , preparing a long speech for the president .
秘書工作到深夜，為主席準備一篇長篇演講稿。
4. Given more time , I’ll do it well .
如果給我多一點時間，我會做的更好。
When he passed the back of the street , he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank .
當他后街時，看到小偷正從銀行偷錢。
應注意的幾個問題：
1．現在分詞與過去分詞的區別
Do you know the woman talking to Tom ?
= Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ?
The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.
= The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor.
China is a developing country and America is a developed country.
2．分詞作表語
The news sounds encouraging .
They got very excited .
1）現在分詞與過去分詞作表語的區別：
The news is interesting .
He is interested in the news .
doing 作表語，主語與表語是主謂關系 ；done 作表語，主語與表語是動賓關系。
2）表語與被動式的區別：
The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .（強調動作）
The blackboard is broken . You’d better have it repaired.（強調狀態）
3）常作表語的過去分詞：
amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done
3．現在分詞、動名詞 現在進行時的區別
The situation in our country is encouraging . (表語)
The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 現在進行時)
My job is looking after the little baby . (動名詞)
能回答how-question 的是現在分詞，能回答what-question 的動名詞，即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是現在進行時。
例如： How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging .
What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby .
4．注意的四種結構：
have something to do 有某事要做
have something done 使某事被做
have somebody do something 使某人做某事
have something doing 讓某事一直做著
5． 需要跟反身代詞作賓語的動詞：
seat , prepare , hide , dress
如：I seated myself on the chair .
I was seated on the chair .
6．分詞做狀語與不定式的區別：
分詞做狀語表示時間、原因、讓步、 條件、方式、伴隨等；而不定式表示目的和結果。
Having finished the homework , I went home . （ 時間）
Being a Party member , I should work hard . （原因）
Given more time ,I can do my work better . （ 條件 ）
He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy. （ 伴隨）
To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . ( 目的 )
He is old enough to join the army . （ 結果）
7．分詞、動名詞和不定式作定語的區別
a running horse 現在分詞 = a horse that is running
a fallen leaf 過去分詞 = a leaf that has already fallen
a walking stick 動名詞 = a stick for walking
something to do 不定式 = something that I should do
8．不定式被動式、分詞的被動式和過去分詞的區別：
I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting . ( 將來)
The building being built on the river is the Science Museum . （正在進行）
The building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions . （ 過去）
9．分詞做狀語需要注意的一個問題：
分詞與句子主語的邏輯關系
Seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful .( 錯誤 )
Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful . （ 正確）
Seeing 與the city 不是主謂關系；seen 與city 是動賓關系
練習
I .單項選擇
1.Most of the people _____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
2. ______ many times, but he still couldn’t understand it .
A. Having being told B. Though had been told C. He was told
D. Having told
3. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _____ on a big rock by the side of the path .
A.to have rested B. testing C. to rest D. rest
4. The next morning she found the man ______ in bed , dead .
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
5. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier , _______ it more difficult .
A. to make B. not to make C. not making D. to not make
6 . The Olympic Games , _____ in 776 B.C., did not include women plays until 1912 .
A.first playing B.to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
7 . ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting .
---- Well , now I regret ____________that .
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
8 . The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with talks , _______ that he had enjoyed his stay here .
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
9 . _______ a reply , he decided to write again .
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
10.The speaker raised his voice, but he still couldn’t make himself ________ .
A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard
Robert is said ___ abroad , but I don’t know what country be studied in .
to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
II . 用動詞的正確形式填空
1. Little Tom should love ________ ( take ) to the theatre this evening .
2. Paul doesn’t have to be made _______ ( learn ) . He always works hard .
3. The computer centre , ______ ( open )last year , is very popular among the students in this school .
4. Go on _____( do ) the other exercise after you have finished this one .
5. How about two of us ______ ( take ) a walk down the garden .
答案：
I
1.A 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.D
II
1.to be taken ; 2.to learn ; 3.opened ;4.to do ; 5.taking
